Subordinate Conjunctions
Function↓ |
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place or |
location |
wo- where |
direction |
origin |
woher- (from) where |
destination |
wohin- (to) where |
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extension |
soweit- as, so far as, insofar as |
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time |
point in time |
als – when, as wie – as |
duration |
solange – as long as während – while indes (geh.) – while |
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repetition |
sooft – as often as wenn – whenever, when |
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referring to previous events |
als – when nachdem – after seitdem – since sobald – as soon as wie – wenn |
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referring to impending events |
bis – until bevor – before ehe – before |
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cause, reason |
concessive (insufficientreason) |
obgleich – even though, although obschon obwohl obzwar wenn auch wenngleich wennschon wiewohl; as well as ohne daß (negative) – without es sei denn, dass – unless |
conditional (possiblereason) |
falls – if wenn – if sofern – provided (that) wo(fern) (old) – if angenommen (daß) im Falle daß – in the case that vorausgesetzt daß – assuming that |
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causal (actual reason) |
da – because, since weil – because deswegen weil – because umsomehr als – all the more considering or as zumal (decisive reason) – especially or particularly as, since |
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purpose, consequence |
final (purpose, goal) |
damit – so that daß – that auf daß (elevated style) (old) – that um (w/infinitive phrase) – in order to |
consecutive (consequence, effect) |
daß – that so daß – so that weshalb – why ohne (w/inf. clause) – without ohne daß (non-occurring consequence) – without + gerund als daß (impossible consequence) – too + adj. + to + inf. |
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manner |
comparative |
wie (equality) – as als (inequality) – than soviel (degree) – as much soweit (degree) – as far wie wenn (comparison within fact) – as when als ob (comparison contrary to fact) – as if or though als wenn (comparison contrary to fact) – as if or though |
adversative (contrast) |
während – while indes – however indessen – however wohingegen – whereas, while (an)statt (w/inf) – instead of + gerund statt daß (substitute) – instead |
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instrumental (means, accompanyingcircumstance) |
indem – by, while dadurch daß – by + gerund + that ohne daß (negative) – without + gerund |
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proportion |
je . . . desto – the . . . the (the + comparative + the + comparative) je . . . je – the . . . the (the + comparative + the + comparative) je . . . umso – the . . . the (the + comparative + the + comparative) umso . . . je- the . . . the (the + comparative + the + comparative) je nachdem – depending on |